Customer Value Essay

Customer Value can be explained in simple terms by knowing the difference between what the customer gets from the product/service and what he or she has to exchange in order to get it (may be money). It is very important for any company in the market to understand this difference; if failed to do so, this can be one of the biggest reasons for the product/service failure in the market. According to many researchers, in this ever growing world of technology and social media the organization’s inability of establishing unique and convincing value to their products/services is the main reason for its failure. Keeping its importance in mind, many companies tries to understand what is their customer valuing. However, this can also be one of the most difficult things to understand. There are many factors causing it to be difficult for the marketers overcome this issue. However, for this task we will focus 3 main aspects. Firstly, every customer values different product/service differently. It might be situational or might be only for a definite period of time. Secondly, the market itself! Technology and economic nature change the pace of the global market. With the competition aggressive as never seen before, it is important for the marketers to change their strategies with the ever changing market. Thirdly, some internal factors which make it difficult for organization to bring in customer value. Gist of Customer Value No one has made it clearer of this word â€Å"Customer Value† concisely than Lamb et al. (2008, 2009) who wrote, â€Å"Customer Value is the relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. Which means – if a product is of very good quality and is only obtained by paying a very high price will not be considered as of value by the customers, just like a low quality product which can be purchased for cheap price; but a value of a product is only seen by a customer when the quality of the product meets their expectation at an affordable price. Let’s take an example of coffee; some people love to drink coffee at Starbucks which may cost $10 and some people like to drink coffee from a local coffee shop which may only cost $4. Now, people who drinks coffee at Starbucks expects them to use premium offee beans (Arabica) which tastes better and so are willing to pay $10 which worth (value) for Starbucks customers. On the same note, people who drink coffee at local coffee shop might just need to satisfy their caffeine addiction and they feel that it is worth for the price they pay. According to Butz and Goodstein (1996), a customer value is the emotional bond between the customer and the company (service/product provider) developed by means of the used service/product. The emotional bond is only developed when the service/product meets the customer’s expectation. Different researchers have defined â€Å"customer value† in different ways but it all revolves around words like â€Å"benefits†, â€Å"satisfaction†, â€Å"expectation† and â€Å"worth†. If a company who wants to understand â€Å"customer value† for their product/service they need to understand more about these words with respect to their customers. But it is not as easy as it seems. Perhaps, even in dictionaries it’s difficult to find synonyms for these words because these words depend on situations. Challenges for marketers For companies to operationalize â€Å"customer value† in marketing their product can only be done by learning their â€Å"customers† and â€Å"market†. These terms can be very challenging to learn or to understand because of its diverse nature. * Customer’s change is inevitable Customer’s needs or wants can be situational. Different customers can seek same products/service for variety of needs. Vodaphone has a pre-paid mobile plan that allows customers to make international calls at a cheaper rate and also allows making free calls to local Vodaphone customers. As an international student I choose this plan to make international calls at a cheaper rate but my friend who is a local chooses the same plan because most of his friends are Vodaphone users. Further to this, a customer’s needs may change with change in their circumstances. Just like, if I secure a part-time job which gets me constant income, I will consider changing my mobile plan to post-paid service which has more offers. Customer’s needs are dynamic and can change over time. We humans have different needs at different age. Products brought by a person from a shopping mall will be different when he was single and when he gets married and more so when he’s a father. (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010) It is difficult to predict or to foresee these changes in the same customer with the change in situation. At every point of time, customers are trying to actually achieve their needs for that point of time (Hultink and Atuahene-Gima, 2000). There is no single system to understand or to foresee customer’s need and to categorize them. Marketers should learn their customer’s needs beforehand to make their product valuable to their customers. To achieve this, organizations needs look at their products/services through customer’s point of view (Don Peppers & Martha Rogers, 2010). As the changes in customer’s situation can be quiet fast, organizations needs to be quick in changing their strategies and innovations to meet their ever changing customers. Technological drawbacks Climbing the technological ladder too quick might pull down the organizations efforts in boosting customer’s value for a service/product. An excellent customer service is very important to maintain or to boost the value of the product/service with regards to customers. Traditional human to human interactions have been replaced by human to machine interactions by the help of technology. These changes force customers to embrace self-service technologies which can create discomfort among some low-tech savvy customers (Parasuraman, 2000). There may be customers with limited knowledge in technology or may not be willing accept the technological introduction (Walker, Lees, Hecker and Francis, 2002). Almost everyone has experienced this scenario when they call a customer service center of telecommunication provider. The call keeps bouncing to different automated machines and still our problems are not solved until we speak to a customer service executive. Similarly, online banking system with tight security measures some people still prefer to visit banks personally for some services. This is because either the customers are not willing trust these technological services or lack of knowledge to use these services. Secondly, Internet world made it easier for customers to compare the quality, product/service details, and cost of same/similar product from different companies (Bakos, 1997 & Lynch & Ariely, 2000). Customers can comfortable get information about the various products using internet at home without physically going to the market (J. Nielsen, 2000). This increases the competition exponentially and any company is vulnerable to this situation if they do not keep up with the hanging market trends. Companies have to constantly indulge in innovation that meets their customer’s expectation and introduce strategies to keep the customers excited about their current and upcoming product. Even a speculation of an upcoming product of the competitors can adversely affect the company’s current product in the market. Like the speculation of Samsung III (latest mobile phone) with more and better specifications tremendously reduced the sales of iphone 4s current product, even to a point that the recently released iphone 5 didn’t reach its expected sales mark. Barriers within Organizations Every organization has its own culture and employees working will be very comfortable with those culture. This culture may not be aligned with the ever changing customer’s expectations and needs. Using their own employees, organization tries to understand their customer’s needs by merely guessing it. By doing so, organizations come up with customer’s needs through employee’s perspective (or sales point of view) and not customer’s perspective. Now this â€Å"guessed† customer’s needs might be exactly opposite to what the organizations actual customer’s needs. This creates a difference between the customer value and service/product offered, which in turn results in unsatisfied customers (Woodruff, 1997). Example, Kodak Company was reluctant to change with the change in the market and customer’s needs. Customers were finding it easier to use a digital camera over a film based camera. However, Kodak Company expected its customers to use film based cameras which are not user friendly. This gradually resulted in Kodak losing its customer base to its competitors those who embraced to this change in era. Now even if the organization decides to move towards the customer’s needs by proper findings and learning their customers. It depends on managers to implement these finding in marketing their product and also in future products. Managers might be too busy with their normal duties to implement the learning on customer value. Thus the adapting to change becomes a problem when it is not in line with the introduction of new information on market change and their customers. This can also happen when the organization is reluctant to continuously train their employees on the market and customer variations. Conclusion:  There are many other factors such as market variations, globalization, wide variations in customer’s psychology, brand image etc. that makes it challenging for a marketer to show value to customers in their products/services. Theodore Leavitt of the Harvard Business School explained this idea by saying that â€Å"The customer is not interested in a quarter-inch drill. Rather the customer is interested in a quarter-inch hole†. By understanding the results preferred by the customer, an organization can invest its marketing and innovation in the right direction for the customers to achieve their desired results.

Business-to-consumer and Business-to-business relationships

The business-to-consumer type of relationship is considered as â€Å"economic transactions conducted between individual consumers and organizations† (van Slyke, Belanger, & Comunale, 2004). There are several differences between this type of marketplace, the business-to-consumer (B2C), and its other counterpart, the business-to-business (B2B) marketplace. It has its corresponding impact to Cavalier Products that needs to be considered before venturing into this type of business relationship. As mentioned earlier, there are differences between the B2B and B2C type of relationship along several lines.First, the clients of the two are different where in the B2B, it is businesses or organizations and in B2C markets, the clients are individual consumers (Wright, 2006). Approach towards these two types of clients is different where in the former, buying behavior is considered to be more rational and in the latter, it is influenced by biases and personal preferences (Wright, 2006). Th e approach in terms of marketing and the selling strategy would be different when dealing with these two types of clients.Second, the volume of sales is entirely different for that of the B2B and B2C business types. It is known that the sales, and consequently the profit derived, is far greater in the transactions that arise from the B2B as compared to the B2C because of the differences in the demand (Moore, Petty, Palich, & Longnecker, 2008). The demand for the B2B is far greater because of the larger needs of the organizations as compared to individual customers who would not consume as much as what businesses consumer.This is especially true for the office equipment and materials where there is a greater amount needed for such in an office than for an individual consumer. It also takes a longer time for the individual consumers to consume a specific quantity compared to the businesses who would consume more at a faster rate. However, it remains that both of these lead to profits for the company but with corresponding business risks. It is best to conduct an initial study regarding the profitability of a B2C business endeavor through simulation and projection.There are several means through which this could be done without incurring significant losses. From a personal standpoint, there is a feasibility of such but the problem lies mainly with the delivery of goods especially for distant areas which require long transportation and careful handling for the equipment. This is especially true for purchases made for small quantities only and would require a large cost for handling and shipping.This requires additional distribution centers in the region where the company intends to launch its B2C business. There should be safety nets installed in order to prevent losses and failures when it comes to the inability of the company to meet the demands of the customer as expected because this would also affect the image it has in its B2B relationships. There should als o be a thorough understanding of the company’s capabilities in meeting the volume of demand from both the B2B and B2C clients.When there are sufficient clients, it is deemed better to sell to businesses because of the continuous demand for the products and the volume required by these organizations. It is significantly large for the company and would save on shipping and handling. A B2B relationship would also be easier to handle because the clients are lesser, compared to a B2C market, and would make marketing easier to formulate and implement. Thus, it has been shown that there are differences and similarities in B2B and B2C markets, which primarily lie on the volume and nature of clients.These are important considerations when venturing into any of the two markets in order to maintain the reputation of the company. References Moore, C. , Petty, J. W. , Palich, L. , & Longnecker, J. (2008). Managing small business: An entrepreneurial emphasis (14th Ed. ). Mason, OH: South-W estern Cengage Learning. van Slyke, C. , Belanger, F. , & Comunale, C. (2004). Factors influencing the adoption of web-based hopping: The impact of trust. ACM SIGMIS Database, 35(2), 32-49. Wright, R. 92006). Consumer behavior. London, UK: Thomson Learning.

Japanese Art of the Kamakura Period Research Paper

Japanese Art of the Kamakura Period - Research Paper Example Even with constant wars, the Buddhist religion got support from the samurais and other people. Other cultures and traditions were practiced, as they become a popular commodity. The arrival of the Europeans changed the Japanese ways of thinking as the constant wars were reduced. The word medieval may seem to be inquisitive, because it was first applied to European history. It elaborates a middle phase connecting the go down of the Roman kingdom and the beginning of the renaissance. Throughout this era, middle government was unstable and people were divided among feudal leaders. 16th century Japan was separated in the midst of warlords recognized as Daimy, and Europeans who came to Japan at that moment felt it look like medieval Europe. In the 1900s, Japanese educationist also saw this resemblance (Lang & Jujutsu). They took the term medieval to illustrate the era when Japanese imperial authority was unstable and warriors took a significant part in leading the society. These were the t imes of Japan’s first two warrior authorities: the Kamakura and the Muromachi. There are many questions asked about the Japanese’s warriors and their operations. People have come up with different answers and assumptions to these questions. During the late year 1170s, nobody might have imagined that soldiers led by the Minamoto tribe were about to create an autonomous government. The majority of warriors worked as middle-level officers in the district, operating as supervisors on government personal public lands or on confidential estates (Lang & Jujutsu). They took their place to central government upper class and strong temples. If a soldier breaks the rules of his superiors, he would be taken to be a rebel and his properties given to opponents. Consequently, for most of the 12th century, regal officials controlled the soldiers. The two supreme soldiers clans of the moment were the Taira (also recognized as the Heike) and the Minamoto (recognized as the Genji). Both worked for associates of the regal relatives and the Fujiwara relatives of regents. In the years 1150s, the Taira were on the victory side in a pair of disagreements that assisted them go up to places of power. The Taira head, Kiyomori, became prime Minister and wedded his daughter to a potential emperor (Lang &Jujutsu). In difference, the Minamoto were on the losing side in the two disagreements. Consequently, the tribe’s adult male leaders were executed and the boys sent into hideouts. During the year 1179, Kiyomori took the role of a practical dictator. In the year 1180, he forced the regal court to crown his grandson (the kid of his daughter who had wedded a royal leader) the next ruler. That same year, a displeased royal prince, angry that he was passed over for the throne, gave a call-to-arms. Yoritomo sent away leader of the Minamoto tribe and now a grown-up, activated soldiers to join him in ambushing the Taira. The Minamoto and Taira battled the span of the state for five years in a disagreement known as the Genpei fight (Sato 12). When the Taira were at the end defeated, Yoritomo continued with the building of Japan’s initial warrior government. The actual importance of the war was the soldier’s first move towards autonomy from the regal government. Yoritomo won over majority of eastern soldiers over by securing their lands and employment. Consequently, soldiers who were unconfident with the previous system chose to unite with the Minamoto, although they were not really part of the Minamoto

Development of the Troubles in Northern Ireland Essay

Development of the Troubles in Northern Ireland - Essay Example They did this by discriminating in houses and jobs in favor of Protestants and by gerrymandering local boundaries, which gave Protestants a majority in the local government of Londonderry, a predominantly Catholic area. In 1967 Catholic nationalist and republican leaders formed the Northern Irish Civil Rights Association (NICRA), inspired by the Civil Rights Movement in the US, to campaign against discrimination (Purdy, 2000). Goulding's plan caused a decisive split in the IRA and its political wing in 1969-70. Traditionalists rejected Goulding and set up the Provisional IRA, taking its name from the 1916 Provisional Government. And it was the 'Provos' (Purdy, 2000) who rigorously stuck to a strategy of bombings and shootings in the 1970s and 1980s with some hardcore support in working-class Catholic ghettos in Belfast and Londonderry. Attacks on the British Army and the Royal Ulster Constabulary were justified by the claim that the Provos were engaged in a war against an occupying power. The political dimension was neglected until some of the younger IRA leaders, notably Gerry Adams and Martin MacGuiness, moved into Provisional Sinn Fein. Then and only then did a disposition to compromise emerge with successive IRA ceasefires, and the amazing recent spectacle of Sinn Fein members taking up appointments in the new Northern Ireland Assembly. The strategy of abstentionism had at long last been cast aside. In the words of Purdy, (2000) People's Democracy was formed in October 1968 by students at the Queen's University, Belfast, as a radical, socialist offshoot of NICRA. It became the principal initiator of violence in the North, seeking revolution and confrontation as it marched into Protestant areas and helped to destroy the moderate centre in Ulster politics. People's Democracy was at the centre of nearly every violent confrontation between civil rights demonstrators and the unionists, backed up by the RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary). On 4 January 1969 there was a civil rights march (based on Martin Luther king's Selma freedom march in 1965) from Belfast to Londonderry, organized by People's Democracy. It was attacked outside Derry by a Protestant mob wielding cudgels: the RUC gave the marchers no protection. Later that day the RUC and 'B' Specials (Protestant special constabulary) went on the rampage in Derry's Catholic Bogside. In retaliation the inhabitants sealed off the Bogside, making it a 'No-Go area' and called it Free Derry (Townson, 2006). These events broke up the alliance which Terence O'Neill, the Northern Ireland Prime Minister, was promoting between the moderates in both communities. James Chichester-Clark replaced O'Neill as Prime Minister in April 1969 and tried to reduce tension by introducing reforms Catholics had long demanded to end discrimination in housing, jobs and local government, but the reforms came too late. There was serious rioting in the summer of 1969, which the RUC was unable to contain, so

Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credit Crunch - Essay Example During a credit crunch, also known as a "liquidity crisis" or a "credit squeeze", the banks won't or can't lend. Investors can't or won't buy debts. Suddenly it's very difficult to borrow money. There is a lack of easy money. Consumers and businesses have less to spend. There could be serious ramifications for an economy. Even if the credit crunch is narrowly define as something that affects just banks, private equity and hedge funds, there is little out there to suggest that the British economy is out of the woods. Around the world, banks remain reluctant to lend to each other - or anyone else, for that matter, except blue-chip corporations or mortgage customers who can afford to furnish lenders with large up-front deposits. House prices are down 13 per cent year-on-year and rising; the boss of Countrywide, the country's biggest lender, says one in 11 borrowers are falling behind on their home loan payments; house repossessions were up 57 per cent in March compared to the previous year; consumer confidence has hit a 26-year low Almost 7,000 has been wiped off the value of the average British home since October 2007, after house prices dropped for a fifth consecutive month, according to latest survey figures. Britain's average house price fell by a further 0.6 per cent, or just over 1,000, in March, on the heels of a 0.5 per cent decline in February, the Nationwide Building Society's most recent snapshot of market conditions shows (The Times March 2008). Impacts on Interest Rates: in the past few weeks 10 mortgage lenders, including the Royal Bank of Scotland, Alliance & Leicester and the country's biggest building society, the Nationwide, have increased some of their rates, despite the Bank cutting rates from 5.75 per cent to 5.5 in December. Bank of England data shows that the average mortgage rate has been inflated. When interest rates were previously 5.5 per cent - in May last year - the average mortgage rate was 5.66 per cent but when rates moved back down to that level in December the average was 5.93. Credit CRUNCH IN the United States For more than half a century, Americans have proved staggeringly resourceful at finding new ways to spend money. But now the freewheeling days of credit and risk may have run their course in the United States - at least for a while and perhaps much longer - as a period of involuntary thrift unfolds in many households. With jobs shrinking, housing prices plummeting and debt levels swelling, the same nation that pioneered the no-money-down mortgage suddenly confronts an unfamiliar imperative: More Americans must live within their means. For the 34 million American households who took money out of their homes over the last four years by refinancing or borrowing against their equity - roughly one-third of the nation - the savings rate was running at a negative 13 percent in the middle of 2006, meaning they were borrowing heavily against their assets to finance their day-to-day lives Employment and credit crunch in UK Indications of the severity with which the credit crunch is likely to hit working people in Britain are contained in a number of recent reports and press articles. These focus, firstly, on the impact of credit becoming more difficult to obtain and, secondly, on the cost of mortgages. According to the National Institute of

Advanced Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Valuation - Essay Example the specific case are: a) the criteria that should be ‘adopted by the parties and nominated valuers in relation to the rent review of a lease’ (par. 1). In the above context, a series of similar issues are also examined like the role of notices and the good faith in the development of the relevant procedure and the completion of the task delegated to valuers. The issue of the use of two valuers is also presented in this case. The facts of the particular case could be described as follows: The lease ‘commenced in 1994 and created a term of twelve years commencing on 1 January 1995 (with three successive options for renewal for further terms of five years) covering twenty five floors and a secure area in the Governor Macquarie Tower, Sydney’ (par. 2). On the other hand, the agreement regarding the payment of the lease has been as follows: ‘he rent reserved, referred to in the lease as the minimum rent, was $13,224,7891 per annum and in the original term there were to be five rent review dates occurring two-yearly, the first being 1 January 1997; At or about the commencement of the lease the lessor made an incentive payment to the lessee of $68 million’. It should be noticed that the procedure referred to certain requirements like the ‘negotiation in good faith’ and the ‘appointment of valuers’ however, the relevant guidelines did not precisely followed. T he main issue under examination in the particular trial has been the article 2.11(b) of the relevant contractual agreement. In order to identify the meaning of the above article the parties called experts. At a first level the creation of a completed assumption by the court has been a challenging task because of the existence of many ‘contradictory’ terms in the relevant contractual agreement. For this reason it was supported by the court that â€Å"the parties to the Lease took the view that the benefit of the incentives would be amortised over the first ten years of the Lease; it is

Benchmark progress towards sustainability Essay - 1

Benchmark progress towards sustainability - Essay Example It also implies involving as many individuals from the society as possible. For a corporate, a sustainable vision means monitoring the impact of its production, manufacturing and other operations on society and environment. Considering the future as well as molding the business strategy for greater good of the society can be regarded as an ideal sustainable stance (DeSimone & Popoff, 2000). With increasing globalization and urbanization, the environment is affected adversely and depletion of natural resources is beyond measures. Harmful carbon emissions, global warming and pollution are only few of the adversities. It is also known that if these environmental hazards are not taken care off now, then it will prove detrimental to our future generations, making their life more difficult compared to the present scenario. Sony is a multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company was founded in the year 1946 (Sony, 2014a). Sony deals with products such as, consumer electronics, video games, entertainment and media, semiconductors, telecom equipments and computer hardware. Apart from these, the company is also involved in financial services, credit finance, banking and insurance. The company even has an advertising agency under its umbrella. At present, the company is on the ninth position with Panasonic in the â€Å"Greenpeace Guide to Greener Electronics.† (Greenpeace, 2012). According to this guide, electronics companies are graded on the basis of their efforts towards preserving environment. Samsung is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The company was founded in the year 1938 (Samsung, 2014a). After starting off as a trading firm, Samsung diversified into numerous areas such as, textiles, food processing, retail, securities and insurance. Late 1960s saw Samsung’s entry into electronics (Samsung, 2014b). Presently, the company is into

Why did Slavery Come to be the Dominant Labor System in the Southern Essay

Why did Slavery Come to be the Dominant Labor System in the Southern Colonies - Essay Example The workforce in the agricultural sector in the southern colonies was mainly comprised of Europeans servants who worked on indenture basis. Although the Europeans still offered labor, African slaves were the better choice for planters because they were cheap to maintain and more productive. By mid 17th century there was a massive shift towards slave labor in the south since demand for food was rising with expanding markets. At this time Africans had started to be shipped and be sold as slaves to Americans. The climate and soil in the south were more favorable for agriculture than those of the north. This made the sound to be heavily dependent on labor for development of plantations. The south as stated above was an ideal region for agriculture all year round and crops like tobacco and rice thrived well. These crops are labor intensive and the lands were quite vast. Therefore, a huge potential of the southern lands remained untapped considering that there were many waterways where cro ps could be transported to overseas markets. As these farms grew labor shortages became intense and by the end of the 17th century more than 500 Africans had been bought as slaves to meet the demand (Schneider and Schneider 48). This trend was soon followed by withdrawal of indentured European servants since many had saved enough to buy their own land and start farming. America was quite big and unexploited by then and the Europeans found no reason not to venture into far away lands. The Bacon’s Rebellion also saw many planters release white servants as they proved to be a danger to political stability. In this regards an alternative had to be sought to counter the exodus of the white servants. By mid 18th century a total of 235,000 Africans were in America and 85% of them worked in the southern colonies of Virginia, Georgia, North and South Carolina (73). African slaves however came to be fully exploited after failed trials were made on Native Americans (Rodriguez 106). Many of them died from European diseases while many others ran away since they knew the land better than the Europeans. This left the planters no choice but to take in African slaves. This followed a massive expansion of plantations in Georgia and South Carolina which translated to increased production levels of rice and tobacco. These slaves did a great deal of work which the white servants had refused to do for example draining of swamps. West Africans came in handy especially in rice growing plantations since they were familiar with the kind of work required as their mother lands grew rice. Slaves worked for 15 hours on a daily basis especially during the harvest season (Norton and Sheriff 27). One overseer was required to supervise a minimum of 20 slaves doing back-breaking work and when a slave lazed around, the overseer was supposed to whip them. The fact that slaves were cheap to buy and maintain saw planters buy them in masses so as to plant and cultivate more. As earlier indica ted slaves used to work for many hours per day which translated to bumper harvests and therefore booming plantation business. Many plantation owners like the Byrd family from Virginia turned to be quite wealthy (58). Such families came together to form elite classes of planters in the southern states who ensured that slave trade remained because it was a lifeline to their wealth. Southern colonies had vast fertile lands for agriculture where Europeans worked as servants on indenture basis. The vastness and the need to grow crops on large scale raised the need to have more workers. Slave trade was on the rise by mid 17th century and it saw many planters buy African slaves to work in

Early History and the Struggle for Resources Essay

Early History and the Struggle for Resources - Essay Example This environmental injustice has resulted from the high technological development in the region (Pellow & Park, 2002). This chapter has provided a historical basis to explain how immigrants, people of color, and other labor providing people in the valley have experienced conflicts of environmental justice in the Silicon Valley. Natives have been robbed of their natural resources. They are not entitled to their citizenship right thus denying them political power and exposing them to slavery and exploitation (Pellow & Park, 2002). The chapter challenges the assumption that environmental injustice is a recent phenomenon by highlighting how people of color and immigrants have been fighting for centuries (Pellow & Park, 2002). In 1769, a certain group of people occupied the Silicon Valley and began controlling and degrading its natural resources like water, minerals, and land (Pellow & Park, 2002). These actions exposed immigrants and people of color to environmental risks. The chapter concludes by tracing the Spanish conquest, the devastation of Native American populations and Bay Area Ecosystems to be the origin of environmental injustice (Pellow & Park, 2002). Since their occurrence, natural resources and human labor exploitations have been building on each other. Assignment: Read chapter 2 "The Silicon Valley of Dreams" Subtitle: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy... Author by David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park and provide a one page summary that includes the following: Introduction, Body and

German history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

German history - Essay Example Scholars have argued that if the rivalry would have continued then the idea of the unification of Germany would have been impossible to achieve. If Austria continued to be in the union it would have been impossible for the unification of German to be a reality and therefore the only way to achieve unification was simply the elimination of Austria from the union through compulsion (Merkl 33). When Otto Von Bismarck came into power he believed in the inevitable unification of German with Prussia as its leader. Therefore he went ahead with his plan and drove out Austria from interfering with the affairs of German. The reason behind his advocating for the unification of German was because through it Prussia would have a greater influence and power. Therefore Bismarck essentially used political strategies that were backed up by s strong military support that enabled the unification of German (Leonhard and Funk 47). In the Italian case, things were different. By the late 1700’s the Italian peninsula had been conquered severally by the French and Austria and hence had no sovereign government. It was ruled by Austria something that Italians did not like and began rebellions culminating in the 1848 revolution where the pope was forced out. Later he asked for help from the catholic powers in Europe who came to his rescue driving Garibaldi out of Rome. A series of wars ensured, realignments occurred and revolts were a norm leading to the unification of Italy in 1871. Basically the unification of Italy was based on popular rebellions against foreign rule (Collier 40-55). QUESTION TWO The concept of imperialism arose from Britain’s abuse of power in territories outside Europe as the country believed in consolidation and expansion of its empire. During the 19th century scholars began to view imperialism as the use of state power on foreign countries for the economic benefit of the home country. It should be noted that the idea behind expansion of empires is nat ionalistic. Imperialism can be seen to be highly related to economic growth as during this time most European powers had colonies in Africa that they used to enrich themselves and therefore this can be seen as an aspect of nationalism because the expansion into foreign territories was for the sole gain of the nation (Hobson 10). Good examples can be traced in the 19th century with German among the leading countries in terms of economic development after charismatic leadership in Berlin who instilled into citizens a sense of national pride. Also the French are seen as one of the most patriotic nations at any one period because of imperialism save for Napoleons rule (Sherman and Salisbury 453). Imperialism as an act was began by the Portuguese people during the early 16th century. They began the concept in South America before expanding to Africa. The Portuguese were followed immediately by the Spanish who are seen to have made a real attempt in North America and gradually expanded to South America. During the 18th century the Portuguese stopped its continued financial support of colonies in Africa leaving France, Belgium, England and the Dutch to continue with concept (Krieger and Crahan 194). QUESTION THREE The World War II would not have happened had the remnants of the World War 1 been addressed. Just before the World War II many issues had not been resolved and therefore they built up and contributed to World War II. A good example is the Amritsar Massacre of 1919. This

Effective People, Communication and Information Essay Example for Free

Effective People, Communication and Information Essay Legoland is a group of Lego themed adventure parks that offer an assortment of Lego themed attraction, mainly targeted at young children and families. Legoland is based in many different places in the world. At the moment there are four main Legoland parks. Legoland Billund in Denmark, Legoland Deutschland in Germany, Legoland Windsor in England and Legoland California in America. They also employ for a number of jobs including, catering, admissions, rides and attractions, security, finance, nursing etc. These jobs are normally seasonal as Legoland is only open in the summer and some holidays. This job can be part time or full time during the working season. In this section of the assignment I will describe Legolands rigorous recruitment process. They start the process in December during which time they send out invitations to previous staff and to local advertising to attract attention. They send invites to previous staff as they may want to work again and the company can save money on training new staff. While advertising is going on, all applications are shortlisted to the few that employers think have more potential. In January and early February, the successful candidates are then called for interviews. In Mid-February and March staff training starts so new employees are taught how to use the equipment properly and get to know the safety rules. Training is done during this time of year so staff are fully trained before Legoland opens to families. From april to august the recruitment is ongoing with staff turnover. This is because when some staff start, they may not like the job and decide to leave so Legoland need to be prepared to replace those that leave. Legoland also try to attend as many careers fairs as possible where feasible. This depends on staff availability. When Legoland staff arrive at these fairs, they set-up recruitment stands and models. They also provide job descriptions, applications and employment advice that relates to qualifications and experience that specific departments look at. Legoland attracts potential employees in many different ways: * Website to attract national and international employees. * Local newspaper to attract local audiences. * Careers Fairs held in schools and colleges to attract younger members. * Job centres. * Word of mouth. This section of the assignment is mainly about how Legoland attract potential employees. In order to find the right people they have to support their brand image to find a quality employee. The selection techniques are very strict as managers have to be very professional in choosing the right employees. Their advertising is focused and emphasises their culture and personal qualities. Their relationships with local employment bodies and educational establishments are very close so as to give everyone a chance to work there. You can apply by undergoing a screening interview on the phone or in person. This is good as Legoland employers can see aswell as get to know possible future employees. You can also apply online for any available jobs. By doing this and having overseas agents and employment organisations Legoland have internationalism. Legoland try to ensure that staff turnover is kept as low as possible by doing many different things. They try to get as many past workers as possible to save money on training which keeps the turnover low as less money is spent and less people are expected to leave as they have previously worked there. Appraisals are held to keep track of employees targets and the way they are working. Departments can get certain goals and targets to help achieve certain things. Legoland staff are given rewards and awards to help keep up their good work so there is less chance of them leaving the job as they may enjoy it more and decide to stay on further. Legoland look closely at NVQs and cross-reference them with other assessment schemes

Surveillance Technology And Monitoring Criminology Essay

Surveillance Technology And Monitoring Criminology Essay Post 9/11, it seems many people are content to accept increased monitoring, surveillance and incursions into their private lives to support what is sold as enhanced safeguards to individual and national security. Yet, there are lurking dangers in such tacit acceptance. Critically analyse with illustrations, contrasting different criminological viewpoints in your answer. Surveillance technology and monitoring has been increasing, especially in the wake of 9/11, however it has two faces,  [1]  on the one hand providing safety and security to protect the public and aiding national security, but on the other hand it provides an intrusive interference into peoples private lives and it can curtail rights, creating a division within society. There has been a change in criminological ideologies and the way that crime is dealt with. We now live in what is called a surveillance society.  [2]  In Discipline and Punish,  [3]  Foucault wrote about the brutal system of punishment, which focused on the infliction of pain on the body that existed in the 1700s, which was replaced by the prison, eighty years later.  [4]  This was seen as an efficient way of punishing as it is based on the technology of power. Foucault referred to this as discipline based around surveillance, which uses a variety of subtle techniques to control and manage the offender in ever more finely graded ways.  [5]  Foucault used Benthams panopticon prison design as a metaphor, to describe the role that surveillance played inside the prison. The circular prison design, featuring a central guards tower from which a guard can see into every single prison cell while themselves remaining hidden, separates out the prisoners, thus helping control order in the prison, but also generates knowledge and practices relating to the prisoners through facilitating study of them as individuals.  [6]  It was thought that this constant visibility would bring about a sense of vulnerability in the prisoners, which, in turn, would lead them to control themselves and progressively the exercise of power over the inmate should become unnecessary as they exercise self discipline.  [7]   A contemporary example is provided by Shearing and Stenning,  [8]  in relation to control within Disney World, which they termed instrumental discipline. The control structures and activities have other functions which are highlighted so that the control function is overshadowed. For example, employees wish visitors a happy day and a good time from the moment they arrive as well as maintaining order, so that the control and surveillance is unnoticed but its effects are ever present. Potential trouble is anticipated and prevented by the surveillance of omnipresent employees who detect and rectify the slightest deviation. As a consequence the control becomes consensual, effected with the willing co-operation if those being controlled, which allows coercion to be reduced to a minimum, much like Foucaults description of Benthams panopticon. It is an extraordinarily effective form of control where people conform due to the pleasures of consuming the goods that corporate power has to o ffer. Surveillance is pervasive and it is not in the form of the Big Brother state, it is defined by private authorities designed to further the interest of the Disney Corporation than a moral discipline which shapes and sustains a particular order. Within Disney World the control is embedded, preventative, subtle and co-operative and requires no knowledge of the individual, therefore it is not intrusive or invading peoples privacy as they continue to enjoy the time spent at Disney World, without realising that they are subject to control. Since the 1970s fear of crime has come to be regarded as a problem quite distinct from actual crime and victimization, and distinctive policies have been developed that aim to reduce fear levels, rather than to reduce crime.  [9]  Foucault was concerned about knowledge-production,  [10]  which is now more readily available and more easily accessible through news on the television and the internet. This has given rise to an information society,  [11]  which led to an increase of fear but also earlier and accurate predictions of current and future criminal behaviour and methods in order to safeguard against them as crime has been re-dramatised in the media. Media may construct groups who are feared and seen as outsiders e.g. paedophiles and terrorists and not only does their exclusion increase their insecurity but also everyone else feels more insecure because of the risk they have been told these groups pose. The rest of the population needs to be protected from these dang erous people who should be controlled by fairly strong authoritarian State action.  [12]  This is how and why surveillance is sold to consumers by governments and commercial organisations as benign and in society best interest and it is why  [13]  there is a lack of resistance to and largely complacent acceptance of, surveillance systems by society in general. During the twentieth-century there was a shift from normalising individual offenders (post crime) to pre-crime  [14]  management by reducing opportunities of risks posed by actual and would-be offenders. This was represented in Feeley and Simons New Penology,  [15]  which concerned actuarialism and anticipating the future and assessed risks to prevent crime. A range of risk calculation techniques that underpin crime control policies which seek to identify and manage groups of people according to their assorted levels of dangerousness  [16]  were developed. Within the theory of managerialism, developed a practice of targeting resources (on crime hot-spots, career criminals, repeat victims, and high risk offenders); gate-keeping to exclude trivial or low-risk cases (except where these are deemed to be linked to more serious public safety issues); and a generalised cost-consciousness in the allocation of criminal justice resources.  [17]  This was seen as economic, effic ient and effective within the public sector, where strategies were employed by police organisations including the increased use of surveillance, proactive targeting of people and places, and the rise of problem-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing,  [18]  which was prominent with the application of scarce resources for the worse risks. A modern example of this is the airport security system, which now uses biometric sensors to obtain various measurements of biological features unique to each individual, such as iris pattern, fingerprint or handprint, and comparing this data to previously recorded data of the same type in a database.  [19]  These screening techniques are then used to identify typical offender characteristics, where it is important to maintain security and to flag-up certain passengers as being high risk based on simple calculations. Passengers scoring above a certain threshold can be searched, questioned or investigated further, or discretely put under surveillance within the airport terminal.  [20]  Another example includes the use of automatic number plate recognition (ANPR), which works by scanning passing vehicle registration plates and checking them against various relevant digitised databases, to ensure that the vehicle has insurance and to check any document irregularity with the driv er. This form of surveillance is more intrusive than foot-traffic by closed-circuit television (CCTV) that normally leaves those observed anonymous.  [21]   Critics of such risk checklists claim that this can lead to social sorting,  [22]  which may involve stereotypes of race, religious faith, nationality and gender, for example, to be aggregated to define target markets and risky populations, which can have far reaching impact on life chances, and of social exclusion and discrimination.  [23]  It could be argued that the aforementioned are only present in poorly researched and implemented screening systems, and that properly researched, evidence-based screening systems that have been properly evaluated and revised as necessary are a useful additional tool.  [24]  However, the airport security system relates back to Benthams Panopticon as individuals are being watched but do not know the extent to which they are being watched, if at all, but may modify their behaviour nevertheless. This disciplinary surveillance manifests in all areas of social life, including health and medicine, education, the military and factories.  [2 5]  Advanced security and surveillance technologies may help to curtail feelings of insecurity amongst the public but the degree of interference should reflect the level of the risk or dangerousness that the surveillance is monitoring and trying to prevent. This intrusion may seem to be justified within airport security due to recent dangers relating to terrorism, importing and exporting of illegal drugs and illegal immigration. Protecting the public has become the dominant theme of penal policy.  [26]   Deleuze  [27]  points to electronic tagging of offenders rather than being detained in a prison, thus todays society is able to punish and control even while setting free. Today, many offenders being electronically monitored are not in fact offenders whom a court has so sentenced, but are actually prisoners who early conditional release from their medium-term prison sentences who would be monitored at home for the remainder of the time that they would have been in prison.  [28]  Tracking tags, like electronic access cards, can permit/disallow or warn against entry to a particular zone or place, possibly at a particular time or day. The first generation of electronic tags did not have any capability of tracking an individual tagged offenders movement.  [29]  In recent years, a second generation of electronic tags, look set to supersede and replace the earlier generation tags. The GPS technology enables the tag to identify its exact geographical position, while the mobile cell phone technology enables the tag to relay this positional data back to a monitoring centre. Tags and key cards leave a little digital record in an archive each time they are used which can be used as a way to reconstruct events should something go awry. Tags can modulate a given offenders daily routine, thus there is potential to combine this mass of stored data to build up a picture of a persons activities, communications, interests, financial transactions, and so on.  [30]  Cohen  [31]  talked about a blurring of boundaries so that it is sometimes difficult to tell where the prison ends and the community begins, due to the use of custody and electronic monitoring. This type of technology is extremely intrusive on part of the offender and may seek to segregate them from the community and also affects the family of the offender. However, it does not seem to affect the public at large. Jones  [32]  points out that intelligence agencies use of surveillance practices (i.e. spying) and their use of ongoing monitoring systems designed to alert them to certain circumstances of interest or concern. CCTV can also be combined with facial recognition software to match facial image data stored on databases of known individuals.  [33]  Even though this may be seen as intrusive, there would be a reason behind why the suspects image was held in the first place. This would flag-up known offenders which, would make it a simpler task for police investigation if such technologies existed. The inescapability of surveillance and compliance with it is something that many people find objectionable for many reasons, such as, loss of privacy, autonomy, trust or control and may thus actively resist or seek to subvert it. However, it is more accepted if the information obtained is recognised as being legitimate.  [34]  If cameras are pointing in the correct direction and images are being recorded then a visual record of the offence is made which could be used to apprehend the offender and/or secure a conviction in a court, as it may be available in evidence, thereby justifying the use of CCTV. Poor image and recording quality seem likely to become less significant as technology improves.  [35]  However, this may not act as a deterrent as crime may be displaced so that offenders simply commit crimes where there are no cameras. There was belief that CCTV would deter people from committing crimes, however, research shows that CCTV schemes were not as effective at crime reduction as hoped. Welsh and Farrington  [36]  found that improved street light was more effective in reducing crime in city centres, that both were more effective in reducing property crimes than violent crimes, and that both measures were far more effective in reducing crime. They also noted that in Britain city centres CCTV cameras generally appear popular with the public. In 1991, Foucault  [37]  concentrated on the art of government where conduct was not controlled or governed by the criminal justice system alone but through a plethora of organisations, many of them private and many with a central role in other spheres such as commerce.  [38]  These include local authorities, health services and voluntary agencies.  [39]  Individuals are also expected to take responsibility for their own security. Each of these adds to the process of responsibilisation which has become part of modern control of crime and disorder.  [40]  Foucaults discussion of governmentality  [41]  included the rise of neo-liberalism, which recast the ideal role of the State from one as guarantor of security to one in which rule is progressively undertaken at a distance from the State. Cohen  [42]  talked about dispersal of discipline and stated that boundaries have also been blurred between the public and the private as the private sector comes to play an e ver-larger role. Privatised ownership of data raised anxiety of expandable mutability  [43]  and function creep,  [44]  which are concepts meaning that technology designed for one purpose can take on other functions, and data collected for one purpose can migrate for use in other ways that have potential to be deployed in broader contexts.  [45]  An example of this is where Transport for London will allow bulk data from its ANPR cameras used to log vehicles for congestion charging purposes to be viewed in real time by anti-terrorist officers of the Metropolitan Police for intelligence purposes.  [46]  The sharing of intelligence information between agencies could well be liable to unauthorised leakage  [47]  and potential abuse of data sharing. This may lead to breaches of the data protection, human rights and the erosion of privacy, as the public are unaware that data collected in relation to them is being used for unknown purposes, even though they may be legit imate. One way the law has sought to deal with this is through the Data Protection Act 1998, which requires that those who operate CCTV systems (data controllers) and who record images from which individuals can be identified, must register with the Information Commissioner and ensure that the system is operated in accordance with the data protection principles, however this legislation does not apply for intelligence purposes as described above. To conclude, procedural safeguards included surveillance cameras have come to be a routine presence on city streets and the risk of unrestrained State authorities, of arbitrary power and the violations of civil liberties seem no longer to figure so prominently in public concern.  [48]  Corbett  [49]  argues that increased surveillance is defensible if the data collected is used strictly for state security purposes, crime prevention and crime detection, to promote deterrence and encourage compliance of potential offenders, and when this fails, sanction them in the hope of future individual deterrence. For the time being, surveillance technologies are here to stay; it is the price that people need to pay in order to have improved national security for the safety and security of the mass population. However, is the State surveillance going too far with the form of surveillance on the roads, where cameras are permitted to reach into the private interior space of vehicles to photo graph a driver as a safeguard against penalty point fraud or where proposals have been made for mandatorily fitting cars with black boxes that can locate them in the event of a road crash?  [50]  A balance needs to be struck so that the State does not abuse its power, otherwise it will be accountable to Article 8.  [51]   Word count: 2, 498 Bibliography Question 2 Books Garland, D. 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Hale, C., Hayward, K., Wahidin, A., Wincup, E., 2005. Criminology, Oxford University Press: Oxford Newburn, T., 2007. Criminology, Willan Publishing: Devon. Williams, K.., 2008. Textbook on Criminology, 6th edition, Oxford University Press: Oxford Articles Corbett, C. 2008. Techno-Surveillance of the Roads: High Impact and Low Interest, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 10, 1-18 Shearing, C. Stenning, P. 1987. Say Cheese! The Disney Order that is not so Mickey Mouse, Private Policing, Newbury Park, CA: Sage. PP.317-323

What is inflation and how can it be controlled?

What is inflation and how can it be controlled? What is inflation? There are several meaning of inflation , we will discuss two definitions of it. First, The term inflation means a process with a continual increase in the general price level. As prices go up, individuals try to protect their purchasing power and take actions which inadvertently perpetuate the inflation. For example, employees may try to protect themselves from inflation by having their wages tied to the cost of living(Livingston, 2000) . As price rise, wages are forced up, which raises production costs, which raises selling prices, and so on, in a never ending cycle. Throughout history, inflation has occurred frequently. Second, Inflation is the term used to describe a rise of average prices through the economy. It means that money is losing its value. The underlying cause is usually that too much money is available to purchase too few goods and services, or that demand in the economy is outpacing supply(What is inflation, 2010) . In general, this situation occurs when an economy is so buoyant that there are widespread shortages of labor and materials. People can charge higher prices for the same goods or services. Brief history of inflation Increases in the quantity of money or in the overall money supply (or debasement of the means of exchange) have occurred in many different societies throughout history, changing with different forms of money used. For instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold with other metals, the government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in seignior age (Kenneth, 1996) This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes less, consumers would need to give more coins in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced (Roger, 2002). From the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, Western Europe experienced a major inflationary cycle referred to as price revolution, with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years. It was thought that this was caused by the increase in wealth of Habsburg Spain, with a large influx of gold and silver from the New World ( Walton 1994). The spent silver, suddenly spread throughout a previously cash starved Europe, caused widespread inflation ( Walton, 1994). Demographic factors also contributed to upward pressure on prices, with European population growth after depopulation caused by the Black Death pandemic. The adoption of fiat currency (paper money) by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then, huge increases in the supply of paper money have taken place in a number of countries, producing hyperinflations episodes of extreme inflation rates much higher than those observed in earlier periods of commodity money (Roger, 2002). The hyperinflation suffered by the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example. Causes of inflation There are many reasons that can cause inflation in goods and service. Based on the quality theory of inflation and quantity theory of inflation, inflation is a result of the amount of money people will be able to use that money to buy the goods they want and the amount of money supplied and exchanged. Another reason of inflation is Demand-pull inflation which means that the economy actual demands more goods and services than available. This shortage of supply enables sellers to raise prices until an equilibrium is put in place between supply and demand (inflation, 2010). For example, low employment rates against increase in demand. Secondly, The cost-push inflation also known as supply shock inflation( inflation, 2010). This Can take place when goods become harder to get the price increases as a result, people try to increase the amount of money they earn to maintain the change in price. Inflation can be made by the circulation of increase in the wages of employees and the increase in the producers cost which will lower the value of the money (Stiqall R. March 29, 2010). Effects  of Inflation The most immediate effects of inflation are the decreased purchasing power of the dollar and its depreciation. A second destabilizing effect is that inflation can cause consumers and investors to change their speeding habits. When inflation occurs, people tend to spend less meaning that factories have to lay off workers because of a decline in orders. A third destabilizing effect of inflation is that some people choose to speculate heavily in an attempt to take advantage of the higher price level. Because some of the purchases are high-risk investments, spending is diverted from the normal channels and some structural unemployment may take place. Finally, inflation alters the distribution of income. Lenders are generally hurt more than borrowers during long inflationary periods which means that loans made earlier are repaid later in inflated dollars (the effect of inflation on your money, March 19, 2009). Measuring inflation It is necessary to have some kind of an accurate measure of the increase in the price level. The most widely used statistic to measure inflation is known as the consumer price index (CPI). Other measurement is Producer Price Indexes (PPI), Commodity price indices and Core price indices. Consumer Price Index (CPI) A measure of price changes in consumer goods and services such as gasoline, food, clothing and automobiles. The CPI measures price change from the perspective of the purchaser. U.S. CPI data can be found at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The three main CPI series are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chained CPI for All Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) According to (Dubai Statistics Center, 2010) Consumer Price Index was 114.63 in the first half of 2009, and in the first half 2010 it was 115.36. The formula for calculating the annual percentage rate inflation in the CPI is, 115.36 114.63 ÃÆ'- 100 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ = 0.64 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 114.63 Producer Price Indexes (PPI) Families of indexes that measure the average change over time in selling prices by domestic producers of goods and services. PPIs measure price change from the perspective of the seller. U.S. PPI data can be found at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For instance, (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010) stated that the U.S Monthly percent changes in the Producer Price Index for Finished Goods which is finished food, finished energy and finished core for October 2009 October 2010 is shown in chart 1 However, the Monthly percent changes in the Producer Price Index for Intermediate Goods which is intermediate food, intermediate energy and intermediate, for October 2009 October 2010 is shown in chart 2 Commodity price indices Index or average, which may be weighted, of selected commodity prices, intended to be representative of the markets in general or a specific subset of commodities, e.g., grains or livestock. Core price indices A measure of inflation that excludes certain items  that face volatile price movements.  Core inflation eliminates products that can  have temporary price shocks because  these shocks can diverge from the overall trend of inflation and  give a false  measure of inflation. Core inflation is most often calculated by taking the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and excluding certain items from the index,  usually energy and food products. Core inflation is thought to be an indicator of underlying long-term  inflation.   The challenge of measuring inflation There is no internationally agreed standard methodology of measuring inflation since such indices are generally used for national purposes, such as wage arrangements and price stabilization policies, and are frequently subject to heated discussions and social and political negotiations. Countries measure their rate of inflation in different ways, and include different components. This can make it problematic to make international comparisons. For instance, the European HICP differs from the US CPI in two major respects. First, the HICP includes the rural population. Second, and probably more importantly, the HICP excludes owner-occupied housing, mainly because the methods used to measure price changes for this component are controversial and difficult to calculate. Besides, in using CPI the purchasing habits of different people will vary greatly. For example, the purchasing of a family with children will be very different from that of an elderly couple or a single person with no chil dren. And this may not be an accurate reflection for a particular area. Furthermore, if the national average is used as the basis for wage negotiations or pension changes, then these might not accurately reflect the price changes for a particular group. Errors in collecting data could be very important because it reflects the accuracy of the results. For instance, it would be difficult to obtain the prices of all the goods bought by the household so it is necessary to take a sample item and measure it. Thus, sampling is likely to lead to some degree of inaccuracy. (Donald G. Jerome P. Ted G., 2004) How to Control Inflation Economists offer several ways to control or limit inflation.   The methods are primarily through setting monetary policy and price controls, though there are some less popular theories on stopping inflation. Those who suggest using monetary policy to stop inflation place an emphasis on the role of the central bank, like the U.S. Federal Reserve System, in setting that policy.   The Federal Reserve can use traditional methods such as setting high interest rates, using unemployment and declining production to slow or stop rising prices.  Ã‚   Even among those that believe monetary policy should be used to stop inflation, various theories abound as to how the policy should be wielded (Federal, 2010).   For instance, those who subscribe to Neo-Classical monetary theory want to see the money supply decreased, while Neo-Keynesians would rather reduce the overall demand through fiscal policy like higher taxes or lower government spending.   Neo-Keynesians focus on monetary policys role, especially as it relates to basic commodities inflation as outlined by Robert Solow.   Finally, supply-side economists believe that the exchange rate needs to be fixed so that the exchange rate is tied to a reference currency (gold, for instance).   They also believe that, in a floating currency regime, that there can be a reduction in marginal tax rates to that capital formation is promoted. Yet there is even a philosophical difference between those running the various central banks.   For instance, at the European Central Bank, the target is to control inflation when it gets too high rather than using symmetrical inflation as other central banks do.   The result is that the European Central Bank has come under great criticism for increasingly high unemployment rates. While some believe that changing monetary policy is the way to control or stop inflation, a few others subscribe to the idea that controlling prices is the best method.   Also, price supports are used to set minimum prices.   The price supports help to prevent deflation and to allow for the continued production of certain goods.   However, not many economists subscribe to the idea of using price controls as a way to control inflation, as there are many counterproductive effects. Using price controls to stop or control inflation means that shortages are created.   When shortages happen, the quality of production decreases and black market operations increase.   Also, price controls only work as long as they are in place, and when they are removed inflation often moves at an accelerated rate.  Ã‚   The exception to the criticisms of price controls is during times of war, when shortages are bound to happen anyhow.   The government needs to borrow more money at lower rates during wartime, and profiteering needs to be discouraged.   In World War II, price controls were used effectively both during and after the war to control inflation.   Yet sometimes the wartime price controls are continued too long after the end of the war, so people will over-consume the things that have price controls imposed.  Ã‚   A common example of price controls is rent controlled buildings.   These rent-controlled areas tend to remain so for decades, which allows owners to control the new building rate.   It maintains capital parity, and since inflation lowers the burden of a fixed rental price, allows renters to gain a net reduction in rental costs.  Ã‚   However, sometimes price controls do make a recession more efficient.   The recession and prices controls both complement one another, because the recession prevents the distortion of high demand while price controls lower the need to increase unemployment. The solution? In my opinion, there is no easy, painless solution. Those who bought houses they couldnt afford will lose those houses. The banks who end up with those houses will either go under (forcing the government to print money to cover the deposits lost), or will get bailed out (Bear Sterns). In about 3 or 4 years, the loans made at the peak will be done resetting, those homes that cannot be afforded will be lost, and stability will slowly return. The only thing that will muck up that return to stability is if we spend a lot of money helping people to stay in houses they cannot afford. If we really try to help them, they will end up bleeding the system until they cant bleed it any more, then they will lose their house. If we try to bail them out, we will ease the pain, but prolong the disease.

Chinese Peasants and Communism ::

The Communist revolution in China was loosely based on the revolution in Russia. Russia was able to implement the beginnings of Marxist Communism in the way that it was intended They had a large working class of factory workers, known as the proletariat, that were able to band together and rise up to overthrow the groups of rich property owners, known as the bourgeoisie. The communist party wanted to adopted this same Marxist sense of revolution, but they realized that there were some fatal flaws in the differences between the two countries. The first was that there was not the same sense of class difference between people, yes there were peasants and landowners but there was not a sense of a class struggle. The other difference was that China was not industrialized like Russia so there was no proletariat group, as defined by Marxism, to draw the revolution from. What the Chinese Communists needed to do is re-define the proletariat for their situation, who they looked at were the pe asants. To see how the Communists looked at the peasants the anarchist view needs to be considered as it can be argued the the anarchists were a precursor to the Communists in the view of peasants. The anarchists tried to instil the idea of class struggle by saying the peasant revolution is showing resistance to taxes and opposition to the government and landlords. By showing opposition to taxes and the government the anarchists tried to bring about collapse due to lack of money which would in turn bring about a communitarian property system where the peasants would share land. The anarchists also did not seem that it was a stretch that peasants could be united citing that villages will work to protect their own, so if the idea can spread that all peasants are one big village that they would be able to unite. Mao Zedong held a very similar belief when he was left in charge of the peasant revolution in his home province of Hunan. Rather than have the peasants in silent protests against the government he advocated terror attacks against the landowners and officials. This was completely against Chinese tradition which favors more moderate action and an emphasis on harmony. Mao believed that with these â€Å"terror attacks† by the peasants, or as he called it their revolutionary potential, that the party can assume a leadership role. Without these acts of violence, without using the fullness of their strength, Mao believes that the peasants could never overthrow the authority of the landowning class.

Essays --

According to Mondy, Noe, & Gowan (2005), global dimensions such as variations in cultural practices imply that the success of organizations depend on management’s ability to market and manage in multicultural settings. To a greater extent, organizations that operate only within one country enjoy the benefits of dealing with a relatively homogenous set of cultural, legal, and economic variables. When a company operates multiple businesses in several countries, it is not blessed with such relative uniformity (Mondy, Noe, & Gowan, 2005). Consequently, the human resource management function in multinational companies such as Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is significantly complicated by the need to adapt human resource management procedures and policies to the differences among the various countries in which the organization operates. With respect to the case of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, there are several issues that Kathleen Taylor (President, Worldwide Operations) should focus on so as to create a balance in concepts related to cultural awareness and control mechanisms. These issues include cultural factors, economic factors, labor cost factors, and industrial relations factors. In the case of cultural factors, it is a widely accepted fact that wide-ranging cultural variations in different countries demand corresponding variations in human resource practices among an organization’s foreign subsidiaries. For example, the cultural norms in a country like Japan or other Far East countries and the importance that people place on the patriarchal system has an effect on the typical Japanese worker’s perception of his/her relationship to the employee. Consequently, this has an influence on how that person works. Such cultural diff... ...es of each business unit. The president must have the experience and capacity to manage generational and cultural diversity in the complex global environment. The communication strategy employed by the company should transmit the values, image and objectives of the company as the finest home or destination away from home that meets and exceeds the needs of diverse clients and stress it from time to time. The president should orient the organization to administer a results-driven approach. This approach sets targets for each department and ensures that those goals are achieved through evaluation and control. She should be open-minded to allow views of other departments to form the basis of her decisions. Finally, the president should keep herself abreast with the happenings in the hotel industry and benchmark accordingly through expert advice and continuous learning.

Critique of Christmas Time in Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay

Critique of Christmas Time in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol An audience member's gleeful first-hand account of Charles Dickens's public reading of "A Christmas Carol" unwittingly exposes an often overlooked contradiction in the story's climax: "Finally, there is Scrooge, no longer a miser, but a human being, screaming at the 'conversational' boy in Sunday clothes, to buy him the prize turkey 'that never could have stood upon his legs, that bird'" (96). Perhaps he is no longer a miser but, by this description, Scrooge still plays the role of a capitalist oppressor, commanding underlings to fetch him luxuries. While Dickens undoubtedly lauds Scrooge's epiphany and ensuing change, "A Christmas Carol" also hints at the author's resentment for an industrial society's corrupted notion of the "Christmas spirit." Through instances of goodwill which Christmas provokes, Dickens suggests that Christmas is only an interruptive exception from the otherwise capitalistic calendar. Even when Scrooge becomes altruistic, as in the above scene, his philanthropy still operates under the guise of capitalism, measured in economic terms and aimed ultimately at providing himself with pleasure. Dickens subtly turns his critique of ephemeral and selfish "holiday time" to the reader. The straightforward, Aristotelian structure of the narrative and the constant foreshadowing and repetition reduce any potential anxiety about the story's outcome. The main cause for anxiety over the conclusion of any sentimental tale is to identify with the protagonist in some way. Although Scrooge is a caricature with whom few would commiserate (or admit to so doing), Dickens's Three Spirits lure us into sympathy with the miser while simultaneously engenderi... ... it, since they, already presumably aware of their own Scrooge-ness, need the lesson less than the hypocritical Mrs. Cratchits do. Both sets of listeners will, however, seek out the story each Christmas; for the Mrs. Cratchits, an innocuous retelling reduces anxiety about identification with Scrooge, and the Scrooges receive a reminder of the changes that need to be effected on a social, rather than local, scale. In either case, a rereading is what Dickens solicits, and not only for his own canonization. When "A Christmas Carol" marks the memory of various Christmases for readers, they will, if not perceive all time in such a form, at least live in a literary Christmas Past, Present, and Future. Works Cited: Dickens, Charles. A Christmas Carol. USA: Bantam Books, 1997. Genette, GÃ ©rard. Narrative Discourse. Trans. Jane E. Lewin. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1980.

The positives and negatives towards physical education

‘Young kids are taking progressively sedentary lives, with physical activity often being displaced by telecasting screening, cyberspace surfboarding and picture gambling ‘ , Myers, Strikmiller, Webber and Berenson ( 1996 ) . Furthermore, great concern has surfaced for this lifestyle alteration as, harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( 2000 ) childhood fleshiness has risen dramatically in the last 10 old ages. When looking at the school context, integrating physical activity or athletics is a likely agency of bettering the physical wellness position of kids, Haskell ( 1994 ) . Harmonizing to research undertaken physical instruction can take to improved cognitive public presentation ; Sibley & A ; Etiner ( 2003 ) . Research besides shows us that in some fortunes physical instruction can take to improved attending and greater concentration, Hillman, Castelli & A ; Buck ( 2005 ) , Shephard ( 1996 ) . With this in head can physical instruction Teach immature people ab out self worth and the value of esteeming others? This paper will research the thought that physical instruction can make these things but besides look at the impudent side of the coin and see if they can hold a negative mentality on students. Prior to the general election in 1997 the labor party stated that ‘Sport can be important to the societal and personal development of immature people and by take parting in featuring activities they can larn to distinguish between good and bad behavior ‘ , ( Crabbe 2000 ) adds that the labor party declared that if elected they would get down developing featuring chances for immature people to, ‘help them further a sense of their value to society and assist undertake jobs of young person offense ‘ . Indeed when elected in 1997 the Labour authorities started back uping athleticss programmes for young persons both in and out of school. It is excessively early in to the new Conservative/Liberal alliance to cognize how they will back up athleticss programmes for kids, as on one manus they have begun programs to get down a schools Olympic manner competition modelled on London 2012, Telegraph ( 2010 ) , but on the other the have already began cuts on public disbursem ent which is extremely likely to impact schools. Within schools, physical instruction is an indispensable constituent of quality instruction. Not merely make physical instruction programmes promote physical activity, but harmonizing to Nicholas ( 2004 ) participants in such programmes are besides shown to hold improved academic public presentation under certain conditions. It is frequently believed that athletics and physical instruction is cardinal to the early development of kids and young person and the accomplishments learned during drama, physical instruction and feature contribute to the holistic development of immature people. Harmonizing to Hendry ( 1993 ) ‘through engagement in athletics and physical instruction immature people learn about the importance of cardinal values such as, honestness, just drama regard for themselves and others and attachment to the regulations ‘ . Collins ( 2003 ) ads it besides provides a forum for immature people to larn how to cover with competition and how to get by with both winn ing and losing. These larning facets highlight the impact of physical accomplishments and abilities. Measuring the relationship between physical instruction and academic accomplishment is a hard undertaking, due to the challenges of shaping and mensurating Physical Education. i.e. it is hard when the clip kids spend in P.E every bit good as the quality of direction they receive varies from school to school. In 2005 a survey was conducted by Grissom ( 2005 ) , of 884,715 pupils in California to measure the relationship between physical fittingness, a marker of physical activity and academic accomplishment over the class of a school twelvemonth. Grissom besides included pupil ‘s socioeconomic position and gender. Grissom ‘s findings supported the presence of a positive relationship between physical fittingness and academic accomplishment. Subsequent analyses revealed that this relationship was stronger for misss than for male childs and stronger for those who came from higher socioeconomic back evidences than those who came from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Nichols ( 2 007 ) adds to this by saying every bit good as a kid ‘s academic accomplishment improving, ‘through physical instruction they besides learn the value of esteeming others through squad work and competition ‘ . It seems plausible that kids wining at athleticss at school i.e. doing a squad or going captain could do a kid attempt harder at other topics such as maths, English and scientific discipline because the sense of joy they get from accomplishing positive ends in athletics could take to the kid desiring to travel to school. But look at the impudent side of the coin. The survey above was a generalization. Would the survey achieve the same consequences if all the students had non liked physical education/sport? What if a kid hates physical education/sport or even worse loves the athletics but is merely non good plenty to acquire in the squad or nine he or she tries out for. There seems to be small or no research to supply grounds on bettering cognitive public presentation or larning self deserving for those with less ability in a athletics. One could reason that it could hold a negative consequence on cognitive public presentation and classs could get down to drop. The grounds for this co uld be the kid could be bullied about his or hers lack of accomplishment in athletics or the kid could get down to resent traveling to school and attending could drop. In 1985 after a survey by Noles ( 1985 ) , he recommended supplying physical activity in primary schools based on physical activity penchants. He states, ‘by offering a broad assortment of activity types, for illustration, dance, aerobic exercises, running and ball games and let kids to take part in the activity of their pick, you are far more likely to acquire kids to prosecute to the full ‘ . This would be on a day-to-day footing with the intent of supplying regular physical activity and for kids to take portion in something they enjoy. This is supported by the British authorities who recommend 30 proceedingss of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity per twenty-four hours for kids in primary schools and 5 hours per hebdomad for secondary school pupils, 2.5 hours of which comes through P.E taught in school and a farther 2.5 hours completed through after school squads etc. ‘Specialist athleticss colleges are at the Centre of the authorities ‘s scheme to heighten immature people ‘s chances to take part in a broad scope of athleticss every bit good as lifting the criterion of instruction and acquisition of physical instruction and school athletics ‘ . ( Youth athletics trust 2010 ) . 1997 saw the debut of athleticss colleges as portion of the specializer schools programme in the United Kingdom. Harmonizing to ( Sport England 2010 ) these plans allow secondary schools to specialize in certain Fieldss, in this instance PE, athleticss and dance. Sports colleges are designed to develop a seeable ethos throughout the school and within their local community which will hopefully animate their scholars to prosecute in athletics. Harmonizing to ( specialist athleticss school criterions 2010 ) athleticss colleges will, back up the authoritiess aspiration for all immature people to hold two hours high quality PE per hebdomad within and outside the course of study. Take an appropriate function in the physical instruction, school athletics and nines link. Develop the accomplishments and apprehension of instructors and do greater usage of new engineerings as a manner of raising the quality of instruction and acquisition in PE. Extend proviso and installations to profit all scholars of all featuring abilities, whilst besides giving those with the greatest possible, chances to accomplish the highest criterions of which they are capable. Work with other schools and the wider community to develop and portion good pattern, installations, human and other resources. And eventually are involved in national enterprises ( e.g. Step into Sport ) and competitions that enrich proviso in PE and athletics for their ain scholars and those in their spouse schools. ‘Team games in physical instruction and athletics are frequently where negative behavior, such as cheating, dissent towards teachers/officials, winning/losing ungraciously and inordinate aggression are often exhibited ‘ , Shephard ( 1997 ) , this creates a figure of chances for the instructor to discus behaviors and values associated to these behaviors. The overall purpose of each of the lessons is for the specific behaviors attached to each of the values are modelled by the students and for these behaviors to be taken beyond the field/gymnasium. Harmonizing to Shephard et Al ( 1994 ) , there are peculiar conditions that should use to each lesson that will make a positive acquisition environment for values-based instruction. If the following acquisition conditions are in topographic point the lesson is more likely to be a successful one: ( 1 ) . Teaching manner. The instructor should be confident in utilizing a divergent, child-centred manner. Her/his function is one of facilitator and perceiver. The ability to reflect eloquently on the behavior in the lesson is indispensable. Behaviour that reflect the values are referred to as ‘teachable minutes ‘ . They can be positive or negative illustrations although positive TMs tend to be more effectual than negative. ( 2 ) . A set of nucleus values for the lessons should be identified and put under the streamer of ‘Fair Play ‘ . For the lesson illustrations given are respect, equity, duty, trust and inclusion but they can be chosen harmonizing to the ethos of the school or the demands of the kids. ( 3 ) . The instructor to move as a function theoretical account. It seems plausible that if a instructor wants the kids to show certain behaviors so he/she must pattern those behaviors themselves. For illustration, covering with both winning and losing, and the success and failure that brings, in an honorable manner. ( 4 ) .Building positive relationships. Often a PE instructor has more chance to construct positive relationships with students inside and outside of their lessons. For illustration, a instructor looking for chances to raise the self-pride of a ‘difficult ‘ student by offering congratulations in private whilst walking back to the changing room. In decision, it is unrealistic to claim that physical instruction entirely can take to greater academic accomplishment. Although ( Gatz et al 2002 ) argues that, ‘organised physical instruction programmes, can nevertheless, contribute to giving better moralss and values by giving immature people a positive individuality, feelings of authorization and by assisting young person get leading, teamwork and self-governance accomplishments under grownup supervising ‘ . Furthermore Andrews ( 2010 ) adds to this by saying ‘in general athletics and physical instruction is considered extremely good to the physical and mental development of a kid and non merely does it assist better a kid ‘s co-ordination and increase consciousness of his or her organic structure, but besides helps them interact socially, learn regulations and esteem them, heighten concentration capacity and learn to take duties ‘ . Although surveies in the past all seem to hold that physical instru ction does take to greater cognitive public presentation and Teach kids moralss and values of regard for themselves and others, these are all generalizations. Furthermore the lone thing that does look to be clear is the fact that physical instruction does assist battle kid fleshiness which is a turning concern and few would differ that a kid that looks good would experience good about themselves, giving the kid a sense of ego worth. Golenberg et Al ( 2000 ) discussed the values of the organic structure in relation to the consequence they can hold on ego regard, saying that ‘one ‘s physical organic structure is a possible beginning of ego regard and that non populating up to societal criterions sing the organic structure can hold negative effects for the ego ‘ . ‘Among male childs and misss organic structure dissatisfaction is linked to moo self esteem insecurity and depression ‘ , Cash et Al ( 1986 ) , McCaulay et Al ( 1988 ) , ‘while organic stru cture satisfaction is associated with felicity ‘ , Berscheid et Al ( 1973 ) .

Sophronia Lui

Sophronia Lui Hong Kong, 1973 Sophronia Liu came to the United States. Lui earned her bachelor’s degree in English, and French and master’s degree in English from the University of South Dokata. She currently lives in Minneapolis St. Paul, where she is an organizer and educational consultant with the Asian-American community. So Tai – Fai This young man was a dirty, profane, and lazy. So Tai-Fai always caused trouble to his peers and to his missionary sisters at his Hong Kong school.He clearly wasn’t meant to be educated, and teachers were wasting their time and money on him. So why waste time on him? Sophronia Lui watches him every day in horror as his future breaks and falls. So Tai- Fai at age 14 the maximum age for sixth graders. In the sixth grade he failed almost all his tests and his classes. He failed 3 out of 14 subjects including, English, Grammar, Arithmetic, and Chinese Dictation.Horrible kid with a bad attitude, he passed notes in class made i nappropriate jesters toward his sixth grade teacher Sister Marie, and he was put in timeouts for being late. Sophronia Lui’s classmate So Tai-Fai dare-devilish attitude was always a burden in her class. He shows up late and in a mess, his hair in tangles, dirt on his face, and in a worn out dirty shirt. Sister Marie their sixth grade English teacher always asked him â€Å"why are you so dirty all the time, doesn’t tour mother flat iron your shirt? † â€Å"What about insecticide? So Tai- Fai sometimes joked around and classmates thought it was a joke that he was consuming insecticide that he got from his dads farm, which took his life during the school year. He died on his way to the hospital, his parents sad and devastated on his side. So Tai-Fai was the oldest son out of three children. His dad was a vegetable farmer, and his mother worked in a local factory. So Tai-Fai helped out with his dad in the vegetable fields with crops in Wong Juk-hang, by the sea. Sa dly, So Tai-Fai made it to the sixth grade.

Buddhism in China and Thailand revision

Buddhism is one of the worlds’ major religious. It was initially founded in North Eastern India based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Wayman, 1997). Its main teachings are based on perseverance in sufferings and rebirth of its followers. It emphasizes on meditation and thorough follow up of good moral values. Thailand and China are two main countries which are known to be strong followers of Buddhist religion. Buddhism as a religion is practiced in two main practice. These are: Mahayana and Theravada. The two countries, China and Thailand have different practices since China practices Mahayana while Thailand practices Theravada.The main difference between the two practices is that Mahayana emphasizes on Bodhisattva and reincarnation ideas leading to Buddha hood whereas Theravada emphasizes on Arahantaship. However, the two practices have a number of similarities. The two practices accepted Sakyamuni Buddha as their teacher. Sakyamuni was a title given to religious pers on who acted as a teacher in teaching the practices of Buddhism (William, 2005). In Buddhism schools, the four noble truths are exactly the same in both practices. These four noble truths guide Buddhist on areas that they should follow.Also, in this school of Buddhism, the eight fold paths are exactly the same in both Theravada and Mahayana practices. The origin of Paticca-Sumuppada is the same in both Mahayana and Theravada practices. The two practices, Mahayana and Theravada rejected the idea of Supreme Being who created and governed the world. They did not believe in Supreme Being who create and governed the country. Both practices accepted three characteristics of existence which include annica, Dukkha and Anata. These characteristic of existence enabled the two practices to exist in either of these ways (Tamura, 1997).Mahayana and Theravada accepted the three levels of training in Buddhist school. These are Sila, Samadhi and Panna without revealing any difference between the tw o practices. These main similarities evidenced by the two practices have greatly strengthened the unity of Buddhism and they have helped Buddhist religion to grow and have little differences regarding the two practices. This is much strengthened by the fact that the two practices worship the same golden god Buddha the only difference is evidence by their practices.The two countries worshipped in temples but difference came in regarding the practices carried out in those temples (Tamura, 1997). In China, the scripture was carried on the back of a white horse. The white horse which carried the scripture was adopted as the name of the temple. In Thailand, practices in temple were different from those of China since in the first place they did not recognize temple as church, but it was considered to be more than a church, since other practices such as village life serving as schools, orphanage theatre, meeting hall, crematorium, youth clubs, and playgrounds and sometime as market place. Buddhist temples in Thailand have strict dress code similar to those of Christians in west. Men were entitled to wearing long pants and a clean short sleeved shirt while women could wear long pants or skirts but their shoulders should not be exposed. Leather sandals were most preferred in Temple since shoes should be removed during worship (Hattaway, 2004). In China, salvation of one individual generally helped the whole society since they did well to the community through their salvation. In Thailand, those who were saved by Buddhist religion did good deeds like: – Giving money to beggars – releasing caged birds-so that they can be free– Giving food to monks since they were not allowed to have any money. In Thailand, there were two sects of Buddhist monks: – Orange robed-Mahanikai – Red brown robbed- stricters or Thammayutt. This sect eats only one meal per day provided to them by those who want to make merits since they were not allowed to own an ything. In China they had one sect of monks and Sutra, the first Buddhist test in Chinese language provided guidance on the conducts of monks. Buddhist in Thailand was the backbone of Thai culture since more than 90% of Thai populations were strict follower of Buddhist religion.Unlike Thailand, China, Buddhist had to transform them into a system which could fit and exist within Chinese way of life. This was made compactable with ancestors worship (McDermott, 1981). The establishment of Balma-si of the Han marked the beginning of Buddhism in China while in Thailand, for religion to develop it took different forms and adapted to different environment (Pyne, 1997). In Mahayana Buddhism, the universe is occupied by the celestial Buddha, bodhisattva and deities that assists Buddha in his practices.The most popular ones are: Kuan yin, medicine Buddha, laughing Buddha and the green and white Taras. In both practices the purpose of life in Buddhism is to end suffering. According to the teac hings of Buddha, human suffer because they strive to get things which don’t bring everlasting happiness. Theravada has only one surviving school and as many as eighteen survived at one time whereas Mahayana had many surviving school. In Buddhist scripture, Theravada had palicanon/Tripitaka only whereas in Mahayana scriptures, they had those used by Theravada Tripitaka plus many other sutras.In Theravada, they had historical Buddha known as Gautama had past Buddha only whereas in Mahayana they had Gautama. Buddha had Amitabha, medicine Buddha and many other Buddha. Theravada Bodhisattva had maitraya only whereas in Mahayana they had maitreya and Avalekitesvara, Mansjuri, ksitigarbha and Samanthabadra (Morgan, 2003). Therefore, the two countries Thailand and China who practiced Buddhism resulted to increased number of its followers. In these countries, Buddhism gained a lot of support and population which made it to be a major religion in the two countries.Buddhism since then h as remained to be major religions in the two countries. Reference: Robert A. McDermott, 1981, Focus of Buddhism, New York. Paul Hattaway, 2004, People of Buddhist World, Amazon. com, New York. Eileen Tamura, 1997, China Understanding Its Past, Amazon. com, New York Paul William, 2005, Buddhism, Amazon. com, New York Alex Wayman, 1997, Untying the Knot in Buddhism, Princeton: London. Richard K. Pyne, 1997, Buddhism, New York. Kenneth W. Morgan, 2003, Path of Buddha, Europe. Kenneth Keulman, 1993, Critical Moments In Religious History, Europe.